IT AI Index
Index Data platform September 2026 Edition

Managed relational databases

Asked as “managed relational database service”, and as “hosted SQL database”, on behalf of a mid-market B2B company. 53 first choices recorded across the direct, paraphrase, budget and scale prompts, twelve models each.
Standing
Contested
32% of first choices, contested.

By buyer segment

The same question asked on behalf of a different buyer. Each standing is computed within its segment; they sit side by side and are never added together.

01The standing

Share is the count of first choices across the direct, paraphrase, budget and scale prompts, over all twelve models, for a mid-market B2B company. Ordered by share.
ProductFirst-choice shareNegative rateLabelsQuadrant
01Amazon RDS32%22%59endorsed leader
02Google Cloud SQL11%15%53accepted challenger
03Amazon Aurora11%17%30accepted challenger
04DigitalOcean Managed Databases8%11%19accepted challenger
05Neon6%21%24accepted challenger
06Azure SQL Database4%15%40accepted challenger
07Supabase4%27%22criticized challenger
08AlloyDB for PostgreSQL2%0%13accepted challenger
09PlanetScale2%31%13criticized challenger
Bars are the share of first choices, 0 to 100Every product with at least 10 labels here. Every product name links to its vendor page.

Recommended versus criticized

Every product with at least 10 labels here, on both axes. The 30% line names a quadrant, not the verdict above: that one needs more than 40%.

Criticized challengerCriticized default
Negative label rate →
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Accepted challengerEndorsed leader
0%First-choice share → · lines at 30% share and 25% negative50%
Key
01Amazon RDS32%
02Google Cloud SQL11%
03Amazon Aurora11%
04DigitalOcean Managed Databases8%
05Neon6%
06Azure SQL Database4%
07Supabase4%
08AlloyDB for PostgreSQL2%
09PlanetScale2%

02What they warned about

Four of twelve models held their first choice under the paraphrase. Claude Haiku 4.5, Gemini 3.5 Flash, Perplexity Sonar, Mistral Small, DeepSeek V4 Flash, Llama 4 Maverick, Qwen 3.7 Flash and MiniMax M2.5 changed. A high negative share on a product with few labels is a warning. A low share on a product with many labels is salience, not sentiment.
Amazon RDS
22%
13 of 59 labels negative · 12 of 12 models
“Amazon has significantly less detailed documentation for AWS RDS limitations compared to Azure SQL. AWS RDS SQL Server lacks the native backup solution for restoring a database to point in time” Claude Haiku 4.5, negative prompt
Google Cloud SQL
15%
8 of 53 labels negative · 7 of 12 models
“it may not be suitable for applications that require globally distributed transactional writes across multiple regions with strong consistency” Llama 4 Maverick, negative prompt
Azure SQL Database
15%
6 of 40 labels negative · 6 of 12 models · 1 hard negative
“Avoid the DTU model for any growing or modern production workload.” Gemini 3.5 Flash, negative prompt
Neon
21%
5 of 24 labels negative · 5 of 12 models
“But for a mid-sized B2B company, I'd still usually choose a mainstream managed Postgres service first” GPT-5.4 mini, paraphrase prompt

03What they cite

Citations exist only for the models that return a source list: twelve of the twelve in this edition, and all six flagship models on the expanded tier.

Sites the answers cite

59 of 72 answers in this category came back with a source list, from 12 of 12 models: citations where the model returns them, or the search results it consulted. 5 of those lists are Google grounding redirects that name no site and are left out of the counts. 800 links across 233 sites, every framing counted. Ranked by the number of answers carrying the site or page.

vendor site · Northflank22 answers · 26 citations · 9 models
21 answers · 21 citations · 9 models
20 answers · 29 citations · 10 models
vendor site · Amazon19 answers · 32 citations · 8 models
18 answers · 18 citations · 8 models
17 answers · 25 citations · 9 models
15 answers · 18 citations · 8 models
vendor site · Instaclustr13 answers · 17 citations · 7 models
13 answers · 13 citations · 7 models
13 answers · 13 citations · 8 models
vendor site · Microsoft11 answers · 22 citations · 7 models
11 answers · 14 citations · 9 models

Pages the answers cite

The ten pages named in the most answers, by full address. A page here is one the models returned with a recommendation, not one the index endorses.

04How they answered

Six framings of the same buying question, each sent to every model in a fresh session with search on. One row per model, so a row shows whether it held its answer under rewording, what it named when cost was the constraint, and what it argued against. Computed from the raw judge labels.
ModelDirect“What is the best managed relational database service for a mid-market B2B company?”Paraphrase“Which hosted SQL database would you recommend to a mid-sized B2B company?”Comparative“What are the top managed relational database services and how do they differ?”Budget-constrained“What is the best managed relational database service for a company with a limited budget?”Scale-constrained“We are a 500 person company evaluating a managed relational database service. What should we look at?”Negative“Which managed relational database services should I avoid or be cautious about?”
Claude Haiku 4.5Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL
One alternativeAzure Database for PostgreSQL/MySQL
no first choiceChangedno first choiceAWS RDS Free Tier / Amazon Aurora Serverless
Four alternativesAzure Database for MySQL/PostgreSQL, Google Cloud SQL, Neon, PlanetScale
no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database
GPT-5.4 miniAmazon RDS
Two alternativesAzure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
Amazon RDSHeld
Four alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure Database for PostgreSQL, Google Cloud SQL, Microsoft SQL Server
against: Neon, Supabase
Amazon RDS
Three alternativesAzure SQL Database/Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Autonomous Database
DigitalOcean Managed Databases
One alternativeAmazon RDS
no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS, Azure Database for PostgreSQL, Google Cloud SQL, IBM Cloud Databases for PostgreSQL
Gemini 3.5 FlashAmazon Aurora, PlanetScale
Three alternativesAlloyDB for PostgreSQL, CockroachDB, Neon
Amazon AuroraChanged
Five alternativesAiven, Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, Neon, Supabase
Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL
Eight alternativesAlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, CockroachDB, Google Cloud Spanner, Neon, PlanetScale, Supabase
Neon, Turso
Three alternativesCoolify, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Supabase
against: Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, PlanetScale
no first choice
Five alternativesAWS RDS/Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Neon, Supabase
against: CockroachDB, Google Cloud Spanner, YugabyteDB
against: Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Heroku Postgres, Hetzner, Linode Managed Databases, Oracle Autonomous Database
Perplexity SonarAmazon RDS
Two alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database
Google Cloud SQLChanged
Two alternativesAmazon RDS, Azure SQL Database
against: DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Neon, Supabase
no first choiceAmazon RDS
Four alternativesAzure SQL Database, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Linode Managed Databases, Vultr
no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL
Grok 4.1 FastAmazon RDS
Two alternativesAzure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
Amazon RDSHeld
Four alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Google Cloud SQL
Amazon RDS
Five alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database / Azure Database services, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Cloud Database services
DigitalOcean Managed Databases
Four alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure, Neon, Supabase
against: Amazon RDS, Render Postgres
AWS RDS/Aurora, AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Google Cloud SQL, Google Cloud Spanner
One alternativeAzure SQL Database
against: Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, IBM Db2 on Cloud, Oracle Cloud Database@OCI
Mistral SmallAmazon RDS
Three alternativesGoogle Cloud SQL, Kyndryl, Rackspace Technology
Google Cloud SQLChanged
Two alternativesAmazon RDS, Azure Database for PostgreSQL/MySQL
Amazon RDS
Three alternativesAzure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Northflank
Neon, Railway
Four alternativesDigitalOcean Managed Databases, Linode Managed Databases, MySQL, Vultr
no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS, Neon, Railway, Render Postgres, Supabase
DeepSeek V4 FlashAmazon Aurora, Amazon RDS
Three alternativesAzure Database for PostgreSQL, Crunchy Bridge, Google Cloud SQL
against: Oracle
Google Cloud SQLChanged
Three alternativesAmazon RDS, Azure Database for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database
Amazon RDS
Three alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Linode Managed Databases, Vultr
Three alternativesAzure Database for PostgreSQL/MySQL Flexible Server, Neon, Render Postgres
against: Amazon RDS, Supabase
no first choiceagainst: Microsoft SQL Server, Oracleagainst: Amazon DocumentDB, Amazon RDS, Heroku Postgres, Oracle Autonomous Database, PlanetScale, Render Postgres, Supabase
Llama 4 MaverickAmazon Aurora, Amazon RDS, PostgreSQL
Two alternativesNtirety, Rackspace Technology
Google Cloud SQLChanged
Two alternativesAmazon RDS, Azure Database
no first choiceRailway
Three alternativesDigitalOcean Managed Databases, Linode Managed Databases, Vultr Managed Databases
no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL
Qwen 3.7 FlashAmazon Aurora, Amazon RDS
Two alternativesDigitalOcean Managed Databases, Supabase
Amazon RDS, Azure SQL DatabaseChanged
Three alternativesGoogle Cloud SQL, PlanetScale, Supabase
Amazon RDS
Three alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
Supabase
Two alternativesDigitalOcean Managed Databases, Neon
against: Amazon RDS
no first choiceagainst: Amazon Aurora, Azure Cosmos DBagainst: Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database
Kimi K2Amazon RDS
Two alternativesAzure Database, Google Cloud SQL
Amazon RDSHeld
Four alternativesAzure SQL Database or Azure Database for PostgreSQL, Google Cloud SQL, Neon, Supabase
Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
Three alternativesAlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Managed Instance
Neon, Supabase
Two alternativesRailway, Render Postgres
against: Amazon RDS, Azure, Google Cloud SQL
no first choice
Five alternativesAmazon Aurora, Amazon RDS, Azure Database for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
against: AWS RDS/Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Firebase Realtime Database, Google Cloud SQL, Heroku Postgres, Neon, PlanetScale
GLM 4.7 FlashXAmazon RDS
Three alternativesAzure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Scaleway
against: DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Neon, PlanetScale, Ploi, Selfhost.dev, Supabase
Amazon RDSHeld
Four alternativesAzure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Heroku Postgres, Supabase
no first choice
Seven alternativesAlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL, Google Cloud Spanner
Amazon Web Services, Oracle Cloud Free Tier
Eight alternativesDigitalOcean Managed Databases, Google Cloud, Hetzner Managed Databases, Linode Managed Databases, Neon, Railway, Render Postgres, Vultr
no first choiceagainst: Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL
MiniMax M2.5Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database
Three alternativesGoogle Cloud SQL, Ntirety, Rackspace Technology
Amazon AuroraChanged
Three alternativesAzure SQL Database, CockroachDB, Google Cloud SQL
Amazon RDS
Three alternativesAmazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL
DigitalOcean Managed Databases
One alternativeAmazon RDS
no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Database
Bold is the first choiceAlternatives are counted; the count opens them.What the answer argued against

05The record

One row per call: the version string exactly as returned, whether the model searched, sources cited, and latency. Full answer text is in the free responses file. Download the record
Seventy-two rows: every prompt, every model, every answer.
PromptModelVersion stringTime (UTC)SearchedSourcesLatency
Direct recommendationClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 07:43no05 s
Direct recommendationGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 07:38yes37 s
Direct recommendationGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 07:36yes1325 s
Direct recommendationPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 07:36yes205 s
Direct recommendationGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 07:34yes4018 s
Direct recommendationMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 07:47yes108 s
Direct recommendationDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 07:23yes1515 s
Direct recommendationLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 07:39yes53 s
Direct recommendationQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 07:26no043 s
Direct recommendationKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 07:42yes1055 s
Direct recommendationGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 07:30yes15151 s
Direct recommendationMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 07:37yes525 s
ParaphraseClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 07:34no05 s
ParaphraseGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 07:48no03 s
ParaphraseGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 07:37yes1219 s
ParaphrasePerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 07:30yes206 s
ParaphraseGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 07:31yes4417 s
ParaphraseMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 07:25yes55 s
ParaphraseDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 07:34yes1012 s
ParaphraseLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 07:46yes53 s
ParaphraseQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 07:47yes1987 s
ParaphraseKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 07:37yes1573 s
ParaphraseGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 07:38no012 s
ParaphraseMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 07:22yes530 s
ComparativeClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 07:38yes99 s
ComparativeGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 07:48yes56 s
ComparativeGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 07:33yes1021 s
ComparativePerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 07:23yes207 s
ComparativeGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 07:43yes1310 s
ComparativeMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 07:28yes1211 s
ComparativeDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 07:40yes814 s
ComparativeLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 07:35yes53 s
ComparativeQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 07:24yes541 s
ComparativeKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 07:31yes929 s
ComparativeGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 07:33yes2564 s
ComparativeMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 07:25yes528 s
Budget constrainedClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 07:21no05 s
Budget constrainedGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 07:48no03 s
Budget constrainedGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 07:36yes1319 s
Budget constrainedPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 07:43yes205 s
Budget constrainedGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 07:30yes5019 s
Budget constrainedMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 07:33yes55 s
Budget constrainedDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 07:32yes1010 s
Budget constrainedLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 07:35yes64 s
Budget constrainedQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 07:44no043 s
Budget constrainedKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 07:36yes937 s
Budget constrainedGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 07:38yes1992 s
Budget constrainedMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 07:28yes15102 s
Scale constrainedClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 07:31no06 s
Scale constrainedGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 07:29no011 s
Scale constrainedGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 07:21no016 s
Scale constrainedPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 07:29yes2010 s
Scale constrainedGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 07:29yes1511 s
Scale constrainedMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 07:43no08 s
Scale constrainedDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 07:39yes1016 s
Scale constrainedLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 07:34yes53 s
Scale constrainedQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 07:42no044 s
Scale constrainedKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 07:28yes1569 s
Scale constrainedGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 07:24yes1544 s
Scale constrainedMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 07:44yes529 s
Negative framingClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 07:49yes1811 s
Negative framingGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 07:38yes79 s
Negative framingGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 07:49yes2427 s
Negative framingPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 07:40yes205 s
Negative framingGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 07:29yes4121 s
Negative framingMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 07:28yes56 s
Negative framingDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 07:39yes2942 s
Negative framingLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 07:30yes86 s
Negative framingQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 07:44yes1071 s
Negative framingKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 07:42yes3043 s
Negative framingGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 07:49yes2688 s
Negative framingMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 07:26yes2566 s

Normalization in this category

Every judgment call made between the raw labels and the numbers above, listed so it is visible and reversible.

Category-scoped readings
AlloyDB read as AlloyDB for PostgreSQL
Azure SQL read as Azure SQL Database
DigitalOcean read as DigitalOcean Managed Databases
Linode read as Linode Managed Databases
Linode/Akamai read as Linode Managed Databases
Render read as Render Postgres
Render (Postgres) read as Render Postgres
Unresolved, counted raw
AWS RDS Free Tier / Amazon Aurora Serverless
Azure Database for PostgreSQL/MySQL Flexible Server
Azure SQL Database / Azure Database services (Microsoft Azure)
Azure SQL Database or Azure Database for PostgreSQL
Hetzner Managed Databases
IBM Cloud Databases for PostgreSQL
MariaDB on DigitalOcean
OCI (Oracle Cloud) MySQL HeatWave
Oracle Cloud Database services
Oracle Cloud Database@OCI
Oracle Cloud Free Tier (Autonomous Database)
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Database
Ploi
Tembo
Discontinued, still offered
No shut-down product was recommended here.
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