IT AI Index
Index › Data platform › September 2026 Edition

Data warehouses

Asked as “cloud data warehouse”, and as “analytical data warehouse platform”, on behalf of a mid-market B2B company. 45 first choices recorded across the direct, paraphrase, budget and scale prompts, twelve models each.
Standing
Snowflake
Clear leader
47% of first choices, clear leader.
ShowinginAll 67 categories →

By buyer segment

The same question asked on behalf of a different buyer. Each standing is computed within its segment; they sit side by side and are never added together.
Small businessGoogle BigQuery80%Clear leaderStanding →Mid-marketSnowflake47%Clear leaderThis pageEnterpriseSnowflake72%Clear leaderStanding →

01The standing

Share is the count of first choices across the direct, paraphrase, budget and scale prompts, over all twelve models, for a mid-market B2B company. Ordered by share.
ProductFirst-choice shareNegative rateLabelsQuadrant
01Snowflake47%28%65criticized default
02Google BigQuery44%16%67endorsed leader
03ClickHouse Cloud2%14%22accepted challenger
Show the four products at 0%, ordered by negative rate
05Databricks0%30%37criticized challenger
04Amazon Redshift0%24%62accepted challenger
07Azure Synapse Analytics0%21%24accepted challenger
06Microsoft Fabric0%8%13accepted challenger
Bars are the share of first choices, 0 to 100Every product with at least 10 labels here. Every product name links to its vendor page.
Head to head
Snowflake vs Google BigQuerySnowflake vs ClickHouse CloudGoogle BigQuery vs ClickHouse Cloud

Recommended versus criticized

Every product with at least 10 labels here, on both axes. The 30% line names a quadrant, not the verdict above: that one needs more than 40%.

Criticized challengerCriticized default
Negative label rate →
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Accepted challengerEndorsed leader
0%First-choice share → · lines at 30% share and 25% negative60%
Key
01Snowflake47%
02Google BigQuery44%
03ClickHouse Cloud2%
04Amazon Redshift0%
05Databricks0%
06Microsoft Fabric0%
07Azure Synapse Analytics0%

02What they warned about

Four of twelve models held their first choice under the paraphrase. Claude Haiku 4.5, Perplexity Sonar, Mistral Small, DeepSeek V4 Flash, Llama 4 Maverick, Kimi K2, GLM 4.7 FlashX and MiniMax M2.5 changed. A high negative share on a product with few labels is a warning. A low share on a product with many labels is salience, not sentiment.
Amazon Redshift
24%
15 of 62 labels negative · 11 of 12 models · 3 hard negative
“provisioning (always-on) solutions like Redshift can quietly rack up bills when idle” DeepSeek V4 Flash, budget prompt
Snowflake
28%
18 of 65 labels negative · 11 of 12 models · 1 hard negative
“**Avoid** Snowflake for tight budgets” DeepSeek V4 Flash, budget prompt
Google BigQuery
16%
11 of 67 labels negative · 11 of 12 models
“BigQuery can be great, but on-demand query pricing can surprise teams if you don't put quotas and guardrails in place.” GPT-5.4 mini, negative prompt
Databricks
30%
11 of 37 labels negative · 6 of 12 models
“only if your roadmap is heavily ML/AI-driven ... but DBU pricing is unpredictable, and it's the most operationally expensive of the four” DeepSeek V4 Flash, paraphrase prompt

03What they cite

Citations exist only for the models that return a source list: twelve of the twelve in this edition, and all six flagship models on the expanded tier.

Sites the answers cite

65 of 72 answers in this category came back with a source list, from 12 of 12 models: citations where the model returns them, or the search results it consulted. 6 of those lists are Google grounding redirects that name no site and are left out of the counts. 783 links across 224 sites, every framing counted. Ranked by the number of answers carrying the site or page.

clickhouse.com
28 answers · 43 citations · 10 models
atlan.com
22 answers · 22 citations · 10 models
fortegrp.com
20 answers · 20 citations · 9 models
scnsoft.com
19 answers · 20 citations · 9 models
domo.com
vendor site · Domo16 answers · 16 citations · 9 models
motherduck.com
vendor site · MotherDuck13 answers · 15 citations · 6 models
blog.dataddo.com
13 answers · 13 citations · 7 models
dev.to
11 answers · 13 citations · 7 models
tech-insider.org
11 answers · 11 citations · 6 models
techplained.com
11 answers · 11 citations · 5 models
reddit.com
10 answers · 19 citations · 7 models
worldmetrics.org
10 answers · 10 citations · 7 models

Pages the answers cite

The ten pages named in the most answers, by full address. A page here is one the models returned with a recommendation, not one the index endorses.

atlan.com/best-cloud-data-warehouses
21 answers · 9 models
fortegrp.com/insights/best-cloud-data-warehouse
20 answers · 9 models
clickhouse.com/resources/engineering/top-5-cloud-data-warehouses
19 answers · 10 models
scnsoft.com/data/data-warehouse/cloud
17 answers · 8 models
domo.com/learn/article/best-data-warehouse-platforms
15 answers · 9 models
blog.dataddo.com/best-cloud-data-warehouse-solutions-and-how-to-choose-the-…
13 answers · 7 models
clickhouse.com/blog/cloud-data-warehouses-cost-performance-comparison
13 answers · 7 models
tech-insider.org/redshift-vs-snowflake-vs-bigquery-2026
11 answers · 6 models
techplained.com/snowflake-vs-bigquery-vs-databricks
11 answers · 5 models
dashdb.io/blog/best-data-warehouse
9 answers · 8 models

04How they answered

Six framings of the same buying question, each sent to every model in a fresh session with search on. One row per model, so a row shows whether it held its answer under rewording, what it named when cost was the constraint, and what it argued against. Computed from the raw judge labels.
ModelDirect“What is the best cloud data warehouse for a mid-market B2B company?”Paraphrase“Which analytical data warehouse platform would you recommend to a mid-sized B2B company?”Comparative“What are the top cloud data warehouses and how do they differ?”Budget-constrained“What is the best cloud data warehouse for a company with a limited budget?”Scale-constrained“We are a 500 person company evaluating a cloud data warehouse. What should we look at?”Negative“Which cloud data warehouses should I avoid or be cautious about?”
Claude Haiku 4.5no first choice
One alternativeFirebolt
against: SnowflakeSnowflakeChanged
Two alternativesFirebolt, Google BigQuery
no first choice
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Google BigQuery
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, DuckDB, Snowflake
no first choiceagainst: Amazon Redshift, Databricks, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric, Snowflake
GPT-5.4 miniSnowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks SQL, Google BigQuery
SnowflakeHeld
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks SQL / Lakehouse, Google BigQuery
Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Databricks SQL
Google BigQuery
One alternativeAmazon Redshift
against: Snowflakeno first choiceagainst: Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Gemini 3.5 FlashSnowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
against: DatabricksSnowflakeHeld
Three alternativesDatabricks, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
Databricks, Snowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
MotherDuck
Three alternativesClickHouse Cloud, Google BigQuery, PostgreSQL
against: Amazon Redshift, SnowflakeGoogle BigQuery, Snowflake
Two alternativesDatabricks, Microsoft Fabric / Synapse
against: Amazon Redshiftagainst: Amazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Databricks, Google BigQuery, IBM Netezza, Oracle Exadata, Snowflake, Teradata Vantage
Perplexity SonarSnowflake
Five alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure SQL Database, Databricks, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
Google BigQueryChanged
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Snowflake
no first choiceClickHouse Cloud, Google BigQuery
One alternativeMotherDuck
no first choiceagainst: Amazon Redshift, Azure Synapse/Fabric, ClickHouse Cloud, Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Grok 4.1 FastSnowflake
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery
SnowflakeHeld
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery
against: DatabricksSnowflake
Four alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
Google BigQuery
One alternativeAmazon Redshift
against: Databricks, SnowflakeGoogle BigQuery, Snowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse/Fabric, Databricks
against: Amazon Redshift, Databricks, Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Mistral SmallGoogle BigQuery, SnowflakeSnowflakeChanged
One alternativeGoogle BigQuery
against: Amazon Redshift, DatabricksGoogle BigQuery, Snowflake
Four alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, ClickHouse Cloud, Databricks
Firebolt, Google BigQuery
One alternativeClickHouse Cloud
no first choicenothing named
DeepSeek V4 FlashSnowflake
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery
against: DatabricksGoogle BigQueryChanged
One alternativeSnowflake
against: Amazon Redshift, DatabricksGoogle BigQuery, Snowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks, Microsoft Fabric / Azure Synapse
Google BigQuery
Two alternativesClickHouse Cloud, Firebolt
against: Amazon Redshift, Snowflakeno first choiceagainst: Amazon Redshift, Apache Druid, ClickHouse Cloud, Google BigQuery, Oracle Exadata, Pinot, Snowflake, Teradata Vantage
Llama 4 MaverickSnowflake
Two alternativesAzure SQL Database, Google BigQuery
DomoChanged
One alternativeSkyvia
no first choiceGoogle BigQuery
Four alternativesDremio Cloud, Firebolt, Panoply, Snowflake
no first choiceagainst: Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Qwen 3.7 FlashSnowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
against: DatabricksSnowflakeHeld
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Google BigQuery
Snowflake
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks, Google BigQuery
Google BigQuery
One alternativePanoply
against: SnowflakeGoogle BigQuery, Snowflake
One alternativeAmazon Redshift
against: Databricksagainst: Amazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Kimi K2Google BigQuery
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Snowflake
SnowflakeChanged
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks, Google BigQuery
Snowflake
Five alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Databricks, Google BigQuery, Microsoft Fabric
Google BigQuery
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Dremio Cloud, Panoply
against: Snowflakeno first choice
Four alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Google BigQuery, Snowflake
against: Amazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Google BigQuery, IBM Db2 Warehouse
GLM 4.7 FlashXGoogle BigQuery
Three alternativesAmazon Redshift, Microsoft Fabric, Snowflake
SnowflakeChanged
Six alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, ClickHouse Cloud, Databricks, Google BigQuery, Oracle Autonomous Data Warehouse
Google BigQuery, Snowflake
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics
Google BigQuery
One alternativeAmazon Redshift
against: Snowflakeno first choiceagainst: Amazon Redshift, Amazon SimpleDB, Azure Synapse Analytics, Google BigQuery, Neon, Oracle, SAP Datasphere, Snowflake, Tabular, Teradata Vantage
MiniMax M2.5Snowflake
Four alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Databricks, Google BigQuery
against: ClickHouse Cloud, StarburstGoogle BigQuery, SnowflakeChanged
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Databricks
no first choiceGoogle BigQuery
Two alternativesAmazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics
no first choiceagainst: Alibaba Cloud AnalyticDB, Amazon Redshift, Azure Synapse Analytics, Google BigQuery, IBM Db2 Warehouse, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Analytic Warehouse, Snowflake
Bold is the first choiceAlternatives are counted; the count opens them.What the answer argued against

05The record

One row per call: the version string exactly as returned, whether the model searched, sources cited, and latency. Full answer text is in the free responses file. Download the record
Seventy-two rows: every prompt, every model, every answer.
PromptModelVersion stringTime (UTC)SearchedSourcesLatency
Direct recommendationClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 08:22yes98 s
Direct recommendationGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 08:24yes14 s
Direct recommendationGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 08:34yes1427 s
Direct recommendationPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 08:34yes206 s
Direct recommendationGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 09:00yes1911 s
Direct recommendationMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 09:00yes54 s
Direct recommendationDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 08:22yes1012 s
Direct recommendationLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 08:24yes52 s
Direct recommendationQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 08:27no037 s
Direct recommendationKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 08:20yes1024 s
Direct recommendationGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 09:11yes1426 s
Direct recommendationMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 08:21no064 s
ParaphraseClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 08:16yes98 s
ParaphraseGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 09:09yes36 s
ParaphraseGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 09:00yes922 s
ParaphrasePerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 08:31yes196 s
ParaphraseGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 08:21yes3917 s
ParaphraseMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 08:27yes109 s
ParaphraseDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 09:03yes912 s
ParaphraseLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 09:12yes53 s
ParaphraseQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 08:58yes530 s
ParaphraseKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 08:55yes1026 s
ParaphraseGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 08:42yes2937 s
ParaphraseMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 08:47yes1040 s
ComparativeClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 09:03yes1812 s
ComparativeGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 08:51yes46 s
ComparativeGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 08:21yes1028 s
ComparativePerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 08:44yes208 s
ComparativeGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 08:30yes2713 s
ComparativeMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 08:24yes55 s
ComparativeDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 09:12yes1017 s
ComparativeLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 08:24yes53 s
ComparativeQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 09:02yes532 s
ComparativeKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 08:33yes525 s
ComparativeGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 08:32yes25115 s
ComparativeMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 08:51yes517 s
Budget constrainedClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 09:04no04 s
Budget constrainedGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 08:21yes35 s
Budget constrainedGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 08:38yes1523 s
Budget constrainedPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 09:03yes204 s
Budget constrainedGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 09:03yes1810 s
Budget constrainedMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 08:53yes54 s
Budget constrainedDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 08:55yes810 s
Budget constrainedLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 08:31yes53 s
Budget constrainedQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 08:57yes523 s
Budget constrainedKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 08:58yes1044 s
Budget constrainedGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 08:29yes2578 s
Budget constrainedMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 09:01yes1551 s
Scale constrainedClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 08:45no06 s
Scale constrainedGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 08:20no07 s
Scale constrainedGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 08:55yes826 s
Scale constrainedPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 08:19yes209 s
Scale constrainedGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 08:18yes1410 s
Scale constrainedMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 09:05no08 s
Scale constrainedDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 08:38yes1819 s
Scale constrainedLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 09:05yes52 s
Scale constrainedQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 09:09yes527 s
Scale constrainedKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 09:07yes1022 s
Scale constrainedGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 09:00yes923 s
Scale constrainedMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 09:04no043 s
Negative framingClaude Haiku 4.5claude-haiku-4-5-202510012026-09-17 08:18yes1812 s
Negative framingGPT-5.4 minigpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-172026-09-17 09:02yes68 s
Negative framingGemini 3.5 Flashgemini-3.5-flash2026-09-17 08:41yes2323 s
Negative framingPerplexity Sonarsonar2026-09-17 09:00yes206 s
Negative framingGrok 4.1 Fastspacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex2026-09-17 08:22yes4316 s
Negative framingMistral Smallmistral/mistral-small via mistral2026-09-17 08:46yes56 s
Negative framingDeepSeek V4 Flashdeepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks2026-09-17 08:52yes2937 s
Negative framingLlama 4 Maverickmeta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock2026-09-17 08:43yes94 s
Negative framingQwen 3.7 Flashalibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba2026-09-17 08:53yes3080 s
Negative framingKimi K2moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita2026-09-17 09:08yes2432 s
Negative framingGLM 4.7 FlashXzai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai2026-09-17 09:01yes2968 s
Negative framingMiniMax M2.5minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax2026-09-17 08:20yes538 s

Normalization in this category

Every judgment call made between the raw labels and the numbers above, listed so it is visible and reversible.

Category-scoped readings
Azure Synapse read as Azure Synapse Analytics
Teradata read as Teradata Vantage
Unresolved, counted raw
Alibaba Cloud AnalyticDB
Amazon SimpleDB (AWS)
IBM Netezza
Mch Strategic Data
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Analytic Warehouse
Pinot
Tabular
Discontinued, still offered
No shut-down product was recommended here.

Also in data platform

The other categories of this function, with the leader in each.
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