Index › Data platform › Managed databases › Enterprise › September 2026 Edition

Managed relational databases for enterprise buyers

Asked as “managed relational database service”, and as “hosted SQL database”, on behalf of an enterprise B2B company. 53 first choices recorded across the direct, paraphrase, budget and scale prompts, twelve models each.

Standing

Amazon RDS and Amazon Aurora

Contested

30% of first choices, contested.

ShowinginAll 67 categories in the September 2026 Edition →

By buyer segment

The same question asked on behalf of a different buyer. Each standing is computed within its segment; they sit side by side and are never added together.

Small business

Amazon RDS24%ContestedStanding →Mid-market

Amazon RDS32%ContestedStanding →Enterprise

Amazon RDS30%ContestedThis page

01The standing

Share is the count of first choices across the direct, paraphrase, budget and scale prompts, over all twelve models, for an enterprise B2B company. Ordered by share.

ProductFirst-choice shareNegative rateLabelsQuadrant

Amazon RDS13%46endorsed leader

Amazon Aurora25%36criticized default

Azure SQL Database18%49accepted challenger

Google Cloud SQL12%48accepted challenger

Oracle Autonomous Database15%13accepted challenger

Show the one product at 0%, ordered by negative rate

CockroachDB10%10accepted challenger

Bars are the share of first choices, 0 to 100Every product with at least 10 labels here. Every product name links to its vendor page.

Head to head

Amazon RDS vs Google Cloud SQL Amazon RDS vs Amazon Aurora Google Cloud SQL vs Amazon Aurora

Recommended versus criticized

Every product with at least 10 labels here, on both axes. The 30% line names a quadrant, not the verdict above: that one needs more than 40%.

Criticized challengerCriticized default

Negative label rate →

Accepted challengerEndorsed leader

0%First-choice share → · lines at 30% share and 25% negative50%

Key

Amazon RDS30%

Amazon Aurora30%

Azure SQL Database15%

Google Cloud SQL8%

Oracle Autonomous Database2%

CockroachDB0%

02What they warned about

Three of twelve models held their first choice under the paraphrase. Claude Haiku 4.5, GPT-5.4 mini, Perplexity Sonar, Mistral Small, DeepSeek V4 Flash, Llama 4 Maverick, Kimi K2, GLM 4.7 FlashX and MiniMax M2.5 changed. A high negative share on a product with few labels is a warning. A low share on a product with many labels is salience, not sentiment.

Azure SQL Database

18%

9 of 49 labels negative · 8 of 12 models

“Azure SQL is a strong managed relational offering... However, be aware of resource caps, licensing implications, and the need for robust disaster‑recovery across regions.” MiniMax M2.5, negative prompt

Amazon Aurora

25%

9 of 36 labels negative · 6 of 12 models · 2 hard negative

“Avoid Serverless Auto-Scaling (e.g., Aurora Serverless v2) for High Baselines” Gemini 3.5 Flash, budget prompt

Amazon RDS

13%

6 of 46 labels negative · 6 of 12 models · 1 hard negative

“Verdict: Highest caution — often avoid for production core systems.” DeepSeek V4 Flash, negative prompt

PlanetScale

71%

5 of 7 labels negative · 5 of 12 models · 1 hard negative

“PlanetScale shut down its database service for new users back in 2023” DeepSeek V4 Flash, negative prompt

03What they cite

Citations exist only for the models that return a source list: twelve of the twelve in this edition, and all six flagship models on the expanded tier.

Sites the answers cite

59 of 72 answers in this category came back with a source list, from 12 of 12 models: citations where the model returns them, or the search results it consulted. 3 of those lists are Google grounding redirects that name no site and are left out of the counts. 892 links across 254 sites, every framing counted. Ranked by the number of answers carrying the site or page.

gitnux.org

29 answers · 45 citations · 9 models

aws.amazon.com

vendor site · Amazon26 answers · 54 citations · 10 models

cloudexpat.com

25 answers · 25 citations · 8 models

worldmetrics.org

24 answers · 53 citations · 10 models

cloud.google.com

22 answers · 34 citations · 10 models

tech-insider.org

22 answers · 22 citations · 9 models

northflank.com

vendor site · Northflank15 answers · 19 citations · 7 models

g2.com

14 answers · 22 citations · 7 models

devtoolreviews.com

13 answers · 13 citations · 7 models

learn.microsoft.com

vendor site · Microsoft12 answers · 24 citations · 6 models

azure.microsoft.com

vendor site · Microsoft11 answers · 16 citations · 9 models

viasocket.com

11 answers · 15 citations · 6 models

Pages the answers cite

The ten pages named in the most answers, by full address. A page here is one the models returned with a recommendation, not one the index endorses.

gitnux.org/service/managed-database

26 answers · 8 models

cloudexpat.com/compare/rds-vs-azure-sql-vs-cloud-sql

25 answers · 8 models

tech-insider.org/aws-rds-vs-azure-database-vs-google-cloud-sql-2026

22 answers · 9 models

aws.amazon.com/rds

20 answers · 10 models

devtoolreviews.com/reviews/aws-rds-vs-google-cloud-sql-vs-azure-database-2026

13 answers · 7 models

northflank.com/blog/best-database-providers

13 answers · 7 models

cloud.google.com/sql

12 answers · 9 models

worldmetrics.org/service/managed-database

11 answers · 8 models

cloudinsight.cc/en/blog/cloud-sql-solutions

10 answers · 5 models

g2.com/discussions/what-are-the-leading-database-software-options-for-enter…

10 answers · 5 models

04How they answered

Six framings of the same buying question, each sent to every model in a fresh session with search on. One row per model, so a row shows whether it held its answer under rewording, what it named when cost was the constraint, and what it argued against. Computed from the raw judge labels.

ModelDirect“What is the best managed relational database service for an enterprise B2B company?”Paraphrase“Which hosted SQL database would you recommend to a large B2B company with thousands of employees?”Comparative“What are the top enterprise-grade managed relational database services and how do they differ?”Budget-constrained“What is the best managed relational database service for a large company that needs predictable total cost across thousands of users?”Scale-constrained“We are a 5,000 person company with SSO, SOC 2 and procurement review requirements evaluating a managed relational database service. What should we look at?”Negative“Which managed relational database services should a large enterprise avoid or be cautious about?”

Claude Haiku 4.5Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

Amazon RDS, Azure SQL DatabaseChanged

Two alternatives

Google Cloud SQL, PostgreSQL or MySQL managed services

Amazon RDS

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

Azure SQL Database

Two alternatives

Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL

no first choiceagainst: Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, MariaDB on Azure, PlanetScale

GPT-5.4 miniAmazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Three alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Autonomous Database

Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Managed InstanceChangedAmazon RDS

Five alternatives

Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Autonomous Database

Amazon Aurora

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

no first choicenothing named

Gemini 3.5 FlashAmazon Aurora

Four alternatives

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database, CockroachDB, Google Cloud Spanner

Amazon AuroraHeld

Four alternatives

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database / Managed Instance, CockroachDB, Google Cloud Spanner

Amazon Aurora

Five alternatives

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database/Azure SQL Managed Instance, CockroachDB, Google Cloud Spanner, Oracle Autonomous Database

Amazon Aurora

Two alternatives

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database

against: Amazon Aurorano first choiceagainst: Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Fly.io, Heroku Postgres, Linode Managed Databases, Microsoft SQL Server, Neon, Oracle Autonomous Database, PlanetScale, Railway, Render Postgres, Scaleway, Supabase, Vultr

Perplexity SonarAmazon RDS

Three alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Database

Azure SQL DatabaseChanged

Four alternatives

Amazon Aurora, CockroachDB, Google Cloud SQL, TiDB

no first choiceGoogle Cloud SQL

Two alternatives

Amazon RDS, Oracle Database

Amazon RDSagainst: Amazon Aurora, Amazon Aurora DSQL, Amazon RDS, Azure Database for MySQL, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

Grok 4.1 FastAmazon RDS

Four alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL

Amazon RDSHeld

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Autonomous DatabaseAmazon Aurora

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

against: DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Oracle Autonomous DatabaseAWS RDS/Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL / AlloyDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL

Three alternatives

Aiven, Instaclustr, Oracle Autonomous Database

against: Aiven, Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Google Cloud SQL, Linode Managed Databases, Neon, Supabase

Mistral SmallGoogle Cloud SQL

Two alternatives

Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database

Amazon RDS, Azure SQL DatabaseChanged

Two alternatives

CockroachDB, Google Cloud SQL

no first choiceAmazon RDSno first choicenothing named

DeepSeek V4 FlashAmazon RDS/Aurora

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL / AlloyDB

Amazon AuroraChanged

One alternative

Azure SQL Database

Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Five alternatives

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database, Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Autonomous Database

Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

no first choiceagainst: Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS, Azure Database for MariaDB, Azure SQL Database, Fauna, Google Cloud SQL, PlanetScale

Llama 4 MaverickAmazon RDS, Google Cloud SQLAzure SQL DatabaseChangedRackspace Technology

Four alternatives

Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL, Kyndryl, Pythian

Amazon RDS

Three alternatives

Azure Database, Crunchy Bridge, Google Cloud SQL

no first choiceagainst: Amazon RDS

Qwen 3.7 FlashAmazon Aurora

Three alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud Spanner, Oracle Autonomous Database

Amazon AuroraHeld

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud Spanner

against: OracleAmazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Four alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL, Google Cloud Spanner

Amazon Aurora

One alternative

Azure Database for PostgreSQL

no first choiceagainst: Amazon Aurora, CockroachDB, Firebase, Firebird, IBM Db2, InterSystems IRIS / Caché, Neon, PlanetScale, Supabase, YugabyteDB

Kimi K2Amazon Aurora

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database / Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL / AlloyDB

Amazon RDSChanged

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Four alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL / AlloyDB, IBM Db2, Oracle Autonomous Database

Azure SQL Database

Two alternatives

Amazon RDS, Google Cloud SQL

no first choiceagainst: AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

GLM 4.7 FlashXOracle Autonomous Database

Six alternatives

Amazon RDS, Azure Database, Google Cloud SQL, Instaclustr, Nutanix Era, pgEdge

Amazon RDS with Aurora, Azure SQL Managed InstanceChanged

Two alternatives

Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure

Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Five alternatives

AlloyDB for PostgreSQL, Azure SQL Database, Azure SQL Managed Instance, Google Cloud SQL, Oracle Autonomous Database

Google Cloud SQL

One alternative

DigitalOcean Managed Databases

against: Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Databaseno first choiceagainst: Azure SQL Managed Instance, MongoDB Atlas

MiniMax M2.5Amazon Aurora, Azure SQL DatabaseAmazon AuroraChanged

One alternative

Azure SQL Database / Managed Instance

against: Google Cloud SQLno first choiceAmazon RDS

Two alternatives

Azure Database, Google Cloud SQL

Amazon Aurora, Amazon RDS

Two alternatives

Azure SQL Database, Google Cloud SQL

against: Neon, PlanetScaleagainst: Amazon RDS, Azure SQL Database, DigitalOcean Managed Databases, Google Cloud SQL, IBM Cloud – Databases for PostgreSQL, MySQL, Enterprise DB, Linode Managed Databases, Oracle Database Cloud Service, Rackspace, Vultr

Bold is the first choiceAlternatives are counted; the count opens them.What the answer argued against

05The record

One row per call: the version string exactly as returned, whether the model searched, sources cited, and latency. Full answer text is in the free responses file. Download the record

Seventy-two rows: every prompt, every model, every answer.

Prompt	Model	Version string	Time (UTC)	Searched	Sources	Latency
Direct recommendation	Claude Haiku 4.5	`claude-haiku-4-5-20251001`	2026-09-17 07:30	no	0	5 s
Direct recommendation	GPT-5.4 mini	`gpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-17`	2026-09-17 07:26	yes	5	8 s
Direct recommendation	Gemini 3.5 Flash	`gemini-3.5-flash`	2026-09-17 07:36	no	0	15 s
Direct recommendation	Perplexity Sonar	`sonar`	2026-09-17 07:42	yes	20	4 s
Direct recommendation	Grok 4.1 Fast	`spacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex`	2026-09-17 07:48	yes	33	15 s
Direct recommendation	Mistral Small	`mistral/mistral-small via mistral`	2026-09-17 07:34	yes	12	9 s
Direct recommendation	DeepSeek V4 Flash	`deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks`	2026-09-17 07:36	yes	10	14 s
Direct recommendation	Llama 4 Maverick	`meta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock`	2026-09-17 07:35	yes	5	2 s
Direct recommendation	Qwen 3.7 Flash	`alibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba`	2026-09-17 07:30	no	0	41 s
Direct recommendation	Kimi K2	`moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita`	2026-09-17 07:44	yes	19	64 s
Direct recommendation	GLM 4.7 FlashX	`zai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai`	2026-09-17 07:46	yes	24	163 s
Direct recommendation	MiniMax M2.5	`minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax`	2026-09-17 07:39	yes	16	49 s
Paraphrase	Claude Haiku 4.5	`claude-haiku-4-5-20251001`	2026-09-17 07:22	no	0	5 s
Paraphrase	GPT-5.4 mini	`gpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-17`	2026-09-17 07:35	yes	3	5 s
Paraphrase	Gemini 3.5 Flash	`gemini-3.5-flash`	2026-09-17 07:36	no	0	18 s
Paraphrase	Perplexity Sonar	`sonar`	2026-09-17 07:47	yes	20	5 s
Paraphrase	Grok 4.1 Fast	`spacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex`	2026-09-17 07:44	yes	43	16 s
Paraphrase	Mistral Small	`mistral/mistral-small via mistral`	2026-09-17 07:33	yes	5	6 s
Paraphrase	DeepSeek V4 Flash	`deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks`	2026-09-17 07:23	yes	10	9 s
Paraphrase	Llama 4 Maverick	`meta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock`	2026-09-17 07:30	yes	5	3 s
Paraphrase	Qwen 3.7 Flash	`alibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba`	2026-09-17 07:24	no	0	41 s
Paraphrase	Kimi K2	`moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita`	2026-09-17 07:34	yes	9	21 s
Paraphrase	GLM 4.7 FlashX	`zai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai`	2026-09-17 07:32	yes	20	22 s
Paraphrase	MiniMax M2.5	`minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax`	2026-09-17 07:40	yes	5	76 s
Comparative	Claude Haiku 4.5	`claude-haiku-4-5-20251001`	2026-09-17 07:27	yes	19	14 s
Comparative	GPT-5.4 mini	`gpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-17`	2026-09-17 07:43	yes	7	14 s
Comparative	Gemini 3.5 Flash	`gemini-3.5-flash`	2026-09-17 07:29	yes	8	23 s
Comparative	Perplexity Sonar	`sonar`	2026-09-17 07:38	yes	20	9 s
Comparative	Grok 4.1 Fast	`spacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex`	2026-09-17 07:23	yes	33	24 s
Comparative	Mistral Small	`mistral/mistral-small via mistral`	2026-09-17 07:30	yes	5	9 s
Comparative	DeepSeek V4 Flash	`deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks`	2026-09-17 07:28	yes	19	20 s
Comparative	Llama 4 Maverick	`meta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock`	2026-09-17 07:40	yes	5	3 s
Comparative	Qwen 3.7 Flash	`alibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba`	2026-09-17 07:44	yes	5	46 s
Comparative	Kimi K2	`moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita`	2026-09-17 07:45	yes	19	41 s
Comparative	GLM 4.7 FlashX	`zai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai`	2026-09-17 07:27	yes	25	122 s
Comparative	MiniMax M2.5	`minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax`	2026-09-17 07:46	yes	5	30 s
Budget constrained	Claude Haiku 4.5	`claude-haiku-4-5-20251001`	2026-09-17 07:45	yes	18	8 s
Budget constrained	GPT-5.4 mini	`gpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-17`	2026-09-17 07:29	yes	2	5 s
Budget constrained	Gemini 3.5 Flash	`gemini-3.5-flash`	2026-09-17 07:38	yes	20	27 s
Budget constrained	Perplexity Sonar	`sonar`	2026-09-17 07:46	yes	20	4 s
Budget constrained	Grok 4.1 Fast	`spacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex`	2026-09-17 07:30	yes	39	19 s
Budget constrained	Mistral Small	`mistral/mistral-small via mistral`	2026-09-17 07:42	yes	5	3 s
Budget constrained	DeepSeek V4 Flash	`deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks`	2026-09-17 07:40	yes	9	12 s
Budget constrained	Llama 4 Maverick	`meta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock`	2026-09-17 07:44	yes	5	3 s
Budget constrained	Qwen 3.7 Flash	`alibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba`	2026-09-17 07:32	no	0	44 s
Budget constrained	Kimi K2	`moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita`	2026-09-17 07:25	yes	25	31 s
Budget constrained	GLM 4.7 FlashX	`zai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai`	2026-09-17 07:21	yes	14	28 s
Budget constrained	MiniMax M2.5	`minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax`	2026-09-17 07:40	yes	21	108 s
Scale constrained	Claude Haiku 4.5	`claude-haiku-4-5-20251001`	2026-09-17 07:44	yes	19	14 s
Scale constrained	GPT-5.4 mini	`gpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-17`	2026-09-17 07:33	no	0	15 s
Scale constrained	Gemini 3.5 Flash	`gemini-3.5-flash`	2026-09-17 07:41	no	0	16 s
Scale constrained	Perplexity Sonar	`sonar`	2026-09-17 07:39	yes	20	8 s
Scale constrained	Grok 4.1 Fast	`spacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex`	2026-09-17 07:23	yes	15	11 s
Scale constrained	Mistral Small	`mistral/mistral-small via mistral`	2026-09-17 07:44	no	0	9 s
Scale constrained	DeepSeek V4 Flash	`deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks`	2026-09-17 07:32	yes	30	24 s
Scale constrained	Llama 4 Maverick	`meta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock`	2026-09-17 07:47	yes	5	4 s
Scale constrained	Qwen 3.7 Flash	`alibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba`	2026-09-17 07:42	yes	5	37 s
Scale constrained	Kimi K2	`moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita`	2026-09-17 07:28	yes	20	56 s
Scale constrained	GLM 4.7 FlashX	`zai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai`	2026-09-17 07:27	yes	25	75 s
Scale constrained	MiniMax M2.5	`minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax`	2026-09-17 07:23	yes	10	36 s
Negative framing	Claude Haiku 4.5	`claude-haiku-4-5-20251001`	2026-09-17 07:40	yes	18	12 s
Negative framing	GPT-5.4 mini	`gpt-5.4-mini-2026-03-17`	2026-09-17 07:23	no	0	6 s
Negative framing	Gemini 3.5 Flash	`gemini-3.5-flash`	2026-09-17 07:42	yes	11	29 s
Negative framing	Perplexity Sonar	`sonar`	2026-09-17 07:35	yes	20	6 s
Negative framing	Grok 4.1 Fast	`spacexai/grok-4.1-fast-non-reasoning via vertex`	2026-09-17 07:44	yes	25	17 s
Negative framing	Mistral Small	`mistral/mistral-small via mistral`	2026-09-17 07:47	yes	5	7 s
Negative framing	DeepSeek V4 Flash	`deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash via fireworks`	2026-09-17 07:46	yes	28	50 s
Negative framing	Llama 4 Maverick	`meta/llama-4-maverick via bedrock`	2026-09-17 07:42	yes	5	4 s
Negative framing	Qwen 3.7 Flash	`alibaba/qwen3.7-flash via alibaba`	2026-09-17 07:30	no	0	43 s
Negative framing	Kimi K2	`moonshotai/kimi-k2 via novita`	2026-09-17 07:26	yes	30	103 s
Negative framing	GLM 4.7 FlashX	`zai/glm-4.7-flashx via zai`	2026-09-17 07:48	yes	28	63 s
Negative framing	MiniMax M2.5	`minimax/minimax-m2.5 via minimax`	2026-09-17 07:35	no	0	71 s

Normalization in this category

Every judgment call made between the raw labels and the numbers above, listed so it is visible and reversible.

Category-scoped readings

AlloyDB read as AlloyDB for PostgreSQL

Azure SQL read as Azure SQL Database

DigitalOcean read as DigitalOcean Managed Databases

Linode read as Linode Managed Databases

Linode/Akamai read as Linode Managed Databases

Render read as Render Postgres

Unresolved, counted raw

Amazon Aurora DSQL

Amazon RDS with Aurora

Azure Database for MariaDB

Firebird (Managed)

IBM Cloud – Databases for PostgreSQL, MySQL, Enterprise DB

IBM Db2 on Cloud / Cloud Hyper Protect DBaaS

InterSystems IRIS / Caché

Kyndryl Managed Database Services

MariaDB on Azure

Nutanix Era

Oracle Base Database

Oracle Database Cloud Service

Oracle Database services

PostgreSQL on RDS or self-hosted

PostgreSQL or MySQL managed services

Rackspace Technology Managed Database Services

Tiger Data

pgEdge

Discontinued, still offered

No shut-down product was recommended here.

Managed relational databases for enterprise buyers

By buyer segment

01The standing

Recommended versus criticized

02What they warned about

03What they cite

Sites the answers cite

Pages the answers cite

04How they answered

05The record

Normalization in this category

Also in data platform